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2023年全國醫(yī)學(xué)英語水平考試（METS四級）考前沖刺試題及答案二,更多相關(guān)資訊請繼續(xù)查看易考吧全國醫(yī)護英語水平考試
1). (一)■Age-dependent Changes in Pancreatic Function Related to Diabetes Identified■1Age-related changes in the human pancreas govern how our bodies respond to rising and filling blood sugar levels throughout our lifetimes， and could affect whether we develop diabetes as adults.But it′s been nearly impossible to study this process in detail because human pancreatic tissue is not readily available.Instead， most researchers have relied on animal models to learn more about the development and function of the pancreas.■2 Now researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine has made an advance in studying the human islet cells.“Studying human islet cells has been a major challenge in the field of diabetes research for decades because the pancreas essentially digests itself shortly after a person′s death，” said professor of developmental biology Seung Kim， MD， PhD.“We′ve developed a nationwide network capable of removing and studying pancreatic tissue from organ donors as young as 6 months and as old as 66 within about a day and half after death.This gave us an unprecedented opportunity to chart changes in gene expression spanning the course of a lifetime.” Kim is the senior author of the study.Postdoctoral scholar Efsun Arda， PhD， is the lead author.The study has been published in the April 28 issue of Cell Metabolism.■3In the study， Kim， Arda and their colleagues identified two proteins never before directly implicated in pancreatic function whose expression increases as a person ages.Increasing the expression of one of the proteins， SIX3， in the insulin-producing cells isolated from younger donors enhanced their ability to respond efficiently to rising glucose levels.“Pancreatic islets， which are the sites of insulin production， mature and change in their function after a baby is born，” said Kim.“We think our findings suggest that this maturation process goes on for nearly a decade.There′s been a growing realization among diabetes researchers that human islet development differs significantly from islet development in typical laboratory animals like mice.”■4Cells in the pancreatic islets called beta cells are responsible for modulating the body′s response to the rise and fall of blood glucose levels after a meal.When glucose levels rise， the beta cells release insulin to cue cells throughout the body to squirrel away the sugar for later use.Type 1 diabetes is caused by a failure to produce insulin； Type 2 diabetes is caused by combined deficits in the body to respond to and make insulin.Both types have been linked to reductions in the number of insulin-producing beta cells.Although beta cells proliferate robustly during the first decade or so of life， this proliferation slows dramatically with age.Understanding the age-related signals that cause this slowdown could one day lead to new diabetes treatments.But something more significant than the changes in cell number is also going on.Studies in rodents and in human fetal beta cells have showed that the responses of very young beta cells to increases in blood glucose are blunted when compared to their more-mature counterparts.■5 Kim and his colleagues worked for over six years to develop a multi -institutional collaboration to quickly collect pancreatic tissue and isolate and analyze islet cells from newly deceased donors.They also developed a unique cell- sorting technique to isolate islet cells from other cells in the pancreas.Once they had pure populations of cells， they compared their patterns of gene expression， as well as changes in the structure of the DNA.■6“We identified hundreds of genes that are dynamically regulated in islet beta cells during the journey from childhood to adulthood，” said Kim.“One gene，SIX3， turns on sometime around age 9.We wondered whether its expression might change the function of the beta cell.” Forcing the expression of SIX3 in beta cells obtained from children under the age of 9 improved the ability of the cells to secrete insulin in the presence of glucose， the researchers found.SIX3and a related gene， SIX2， with a similar pattern of expression in human beta cells，encode proteins known as transcription factors that control the expression of many other genes in the cell.Although they have not been implicated directly in pancreatic function， genomewide association studies have linked the presence of a mutation near： the genes to an impaired ability to properly；manage fasting blood-glucose levels.“This is a tantalizing link，” said Kim.“It appears that genes whose expression changes from childhood to adulthood may be disproportionately associated with an increased risk for diabetes.”■7 Importantly， SIX3 and SIX2 are not expressed in mouse beta cells.“This is why it is so important to study human tissue，” said Kim.“Until now there has been no way of knowing the gradual changes that happen over a period of years.”Besides， “This study is a tour de force，” said Andrew Stewart， MD， the director of the Diabetes， Obesity and Metabolism Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine who is unconnected with the study.“It is very important to the field of diabetes research.”■8Kim and his colleagues are planning to continue their studies of pancreatic and islet- cell development as part of a Stanford focus on diabetes and metabolism research.The researchers also anticipate that their gene expression data and newly described islet-cell isolation technique， coupled with the ongoing tissue procurement effort， will be helpful to others studying pancreatic development and diabetes.“This is a unique and valuable resource for researchers wishing to begin to understand how gene expression is dynamically regulated in human islet cell，”said Kim.“Our study charts a new road map for researchers working to use stem cells to replace human islet cells by highlighting changes that normally occur and should perhaps be taken into consideration when analyzing cells for transplant.”■(二)■It was unlikely to study the effect of age-dependent changes in pancreatic functions on the diabetes before.Now， Stanford-led collaboration to( )and analyze human pancreatic tissue from deceased donors on a ( )level illustrates how the organ′s function changes as we age， and could point the way toward new diabetes treatments.■The researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have for the first time compared the patterns of gene expression in the insulin- producing cells and other cells of the pancreas from dozens of deceased donors ( )in age from 6months to 66 years.They have found significant differences in gene expression patterns and DNA( ) between donors at different ages.The findings， published on April 28 in Cell Metabolism， ( ).the importance of two genes not previously implicated directly in pancreatic function， and show that the pancreas continues to develop and ( ) during the first decade of life.They may also have implications for current clinical trials testing stem- cell-based therapies for diabetes.( )
A.ranging
B.culture
C.national
D.isolation
E.basic
F.procure
G.modification
H.variation
I.mature
J.proliferate
A.sorted
A.spotlight

正確答案：I
2). (一)■Age-dependent Changes in Pancreatic Function Related to Diabetes Identified■1Age-related changes in the human pancreas govern how our bodies respond to rising and filling blood sugar levels throughout our lifetimes， and could affect whether we develop diabetes as adults.But it′s been nearly impossible to study this process in detail because human pancreatic tissue is not readily available.Instead， most researchers have relied on animal models to learn more about the development and function of the pancreas.■2 Now researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine has made an advance in studying the human islet cells.“Studying human islet cells has been a major challenge in the field of diabetes research for decades because the pancreas essentially digests itself shortly after a person′s death，” said professor of developmental biology Seung Kim， MD， PhD.“We′ve developed a nationwide network capable of removing and studying pancreatic tissue from organ donors as young as 6 months and as old as 66 within about a day and half after death.This gave us an unprecedented opportunity to chart changes in gene expression spanning the course of a lifetime.” Kim is the senior author of the study.Postdoctoral scholar Efsun Arda， PhD， is the lead author.The study has been published in the April 28 issue of Cell Metabolism.■3In the study， Kim， Arda and their colleagues identified two proteins never before directly implicated in pancreatic function whose expression increases as a person ages.Increasing the expression of one of the proteins， SIX3， in the insulin-producing cells isolated from younger donors enhanced their ability to respond efficiently to rising glucose levels.“Pancreatic islets， which are the sites of insulin production， mature and change in their function after a baby is born，” said Kim.“We think our findings suggest that this maturation process goes on for nearly a decade.There′s been a growing realization among diabetes researchers that human islet development differs significantly from islet development in typical laboratory animals like mice.”■4Cells in the pancreatic islets called beta cells are responsible for modulating the body′s response to the rise and fall of blood glucose levels after a meal.When glucose levels rise， the beta cells release insulin to cue cells throughout the body to squirrel away the sugar for later use.Type 1 diabetes is caused by a failure to produce insulin； Type 2 diabetes is caused by combined deficits in the body to respond to and make insulin.Both types have been linked to reductions in the number of insulin-producing beta cells.Although beta cells proliferate robustly during the first decade or so of life， this proliferation slows dramatically with age.Understanding the age-related signals that cause this slowdown could one day lead to new diabetes treatments.But something more significant than the changes in cell number is also going on.Studies in rodents and in human fetal beta cells have showed that the responses of very young beta cells to increases in blood glucose are blunted when compared to their more-mature counterparts.■5 Kim and his colleagues worked for over six years to develop a multi -institutional collaboration to quickly collect pancreatic tissue and isolate and analyze islet cells from newly deceased donors.They also developed a unique cell- sorting technique to isolate islet cells from other cells in the pancreas.Once they had pure populations of cells， they compared their patterns of gene expression， as well as changes in the structure of the DNA.■6“We identified hundreds of genes that are dynamically regulated in islet beta cells during the journey from childhood to adulthood，” said Kim.“One gene，SIX3， turns on sometime around age 9.We wondered whether its expression might change the function of the beta cell.” Forcing the expression of SIX3 in beta cells obtained from children under the age of 9 improved the ability of the cells to secrete insulin in the presence of glucose， the researchers found.SIX3and a related gene， SIX2， with a similar pattern of expression in human beta cells，encode proteins known as transcription factors that control the expression of many other genes in the cell.Although they have not been implicated directly in pancreatic function， genomewide association studies have linked the presence of a mutation near： the genes to an impaired ability to properly；manage fasting blood-glucose levels.“This is a tantalizing link，” said Kim.“It appears that genes whose expression changes from childhood to adulthood may be disproportionately associated with an increased risk for diabetes.”■7 Importantly， SIX3 and SIX2 are not expressed in mouse beta cells.“This is why it is so important to study human tissue，” said Kim.“Until now there has been no way of knowing the gradual changes that happen over a period of years.”Besides， “This study is a tour de force，” said Andrew Stewart， MD， the director of the Diabetes， Obesity and Metabolism Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine who is unconnected with the study.“It is very important to the field of diabetes research.”■8Kim and his colleagues are planning to continue their studies of pancreatic and islet- cell development as part of a Stanford focus on diabetes and metabolism research.The researchers also anticipate that their gene expression data and newly described islet-cell isolation technique， coupled with the ongoing tissue procurement effort， will be helpful to others studying pancreatic development and diabetes.“This is a unique and valuable resource for researchers wishing to begin to understand how gene expression is dynamically regulated in human islet cell，”said Kim.“Our study charts a new road map for researchers working to use stem cells to replace human islet cells by highlighting changes that normally occur and should perhaps be taken into consideration when analyzing cells for transplant.”■(二)■It was unlikely to study the effect of age-dependent changes in pancreatic functions on the diabetes before.Now， Stanford-led collaboration to( )and analyze human pancreatic tissue from deceased donors on a ( )level illustrates how the organ′s function changes as we age， and could point the way toward new diabetes treatments.■The researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have for the first time compared the patterns of gene expression in the insulin- producing cells and other cells of the pancreas from dozens of deceased donors ( )in age from 6months to 66 years.They have found significant differences in gene expression patterns and DNA( ) between donors at different ages.The findings， published on April 28 in Cell Metabolism， ( ).the importance of two genes not previously implicated directly in pancreatic function， and show that the pancreas continues to develop and ( ) during the first decade of life.They may also have implications for current clinical trials testing stem- cell-based therapies for diabetes.choose the most suitable subheading from list A-J for Paragraph 8( )
A.How changes in gene expression patterns affect glucose levels
B.Sorting islet cells
C.SIX3 and SIX2 identified only in humans
D.Prospects of the study
E.A great step in the study of human islet cells
F.The relationship of beta cells with two types of diabetes
G.Limitations of previous research on the pancreas
H.The significance of the study only in humans
I.A brief introduction of results of the study
J.Changes in the function of islet cells with their maturation

正確答案：D
3). MSTP Admissions■Stanford′s MSTP Medical Scientist Training Program is interested in identifying students with significant undergraduate research experience that would predict successful completion of a PhD program.In addition， our successful candidates must meet the standards expected of the very best MD candidates.The MSTP admissions process utilizes the san me application as the MD-only application.For questions regarding this process， please contact the MD Office of Admissions directly.■The MSTP admissions process begins with submission of the AMCAS (American Medical College Application Service) application.When an AMCAS application is received by the Office of MD Admissions the information and instructions for completion of Stanford′s supplementary application are made available.Once the application file is complete， it is reviewed by members of the MSTP Admissions .Committee.Admission to the MSTP is contingent on acceptance to the Stanford University MD program， and the application process for both programs is collaborative.■The MSTP Admissions Committee wants to see letters of recommendation from your research mentor， or mentors， addressing your experiences in the laboratory.All letters of recommendation must be submitted through the AMCAS Letters Service.Please visit the AMCAS Letters Service site for instructions and more information.■Eligibility■Academic recommendations for the MSTP follow the same criteria as admission to the MD Program.Please see the MD Admissions website for information on Stanford University′s Medical School Admissions academic recommendations.■If you have matriculated in an MD or PhD program at another institution， you are not eligible to apply to the MSTP.The Stanford MD and MS TP programs do not accept applications from students applying for transfer.Stanford PhD students are eligible to apply through the AMCAS application process.■Stanford MSTP is committed to expanding the participation of diverse populations in our program， and to increasing the number of minorities in academic medicine.Stanford Medicine has a number of programs to support this goal.■International Students■The MSTP is not able to fund International Students.Stipend and tuition support from the MSTP can only be provided for U.S.citizens and permanent residents.Our federal funding restrictions do not permit us to support International Students.Unfortunately， self-support for PhD study is not an option.An International Student can still pursue a dual degree MD-PhD program here at Stanford.The applicant must apply and be admitted separately to both degree programs.It is possible to receive support for PhD study from the specific PhD department or program.Please contact the PhD program directly for PhD application procedures.International Students may be eligible for Institutional Financial Aid.Information on applying for financial aid for the MD program is available here.■PhD Programs■Stanford MSTP students enroll in PhD programs in the biomedical sciences，including those within the School of Medicine， the School of Humanities and Sciences ；(Departments of Biology， Chemistry， Physics， and Statistics)， and the School of Engineering (Bioengineering， Computer Science， Electrical Engineering， and more).■MSTP application in conjunction with social science PhD programs is only permitted for current Stanford MD students previously admitted to a social science PhD program.MD students admitted to a Social Science PhD Program may apply for MSTP funding through the MSTP internal admissions process.■Admission to a PhD-only program is a separate application process.Application and School of Medicine Biosciences PhD admission information is available on the Biosciences PhD Programs site.For all other PhD programs， please contact the relevant Program or Department directly.■Interview Process■Stanford MSTP conducts interviews monthly during the admissions season，usually October through February.We invite approximately 60 candidates for MSTP interview.If you are selected， you will be invited via email.MSTP and MD interviews are conducted separately on two consecutive days.■Your MSTP interview visit will include an introductory meeting with the Program Directors to talk about the structure and unique aspects of the Stanford program.You will have formal interviews with faculty and advanced MSTP students.You will meet again with the Program Directors to wrap up the visit and they will invite you to bring your questions and comments about the program and the admissions process.■Appointments will also be arranged with Stanford faculty whose research interests represent those you plan to pursue during your graduate work.You should use these informal meetings to learn about our faculty and potential research opportunities.You can familiarize yourself with faculty research interests through our Community Academic Profiles.■You will have lunch with current MSTP students on your interview day.MSTP students also plan an informal dinner for you.This is an optional event that our students enjoy hosting as it provides a relaxed opportunity to meet you and answer questions about Stanford′s MSTP.■Applications that are not selected for MSTP interviews are automatically routed to Medical School Admissions to be considered for the MD-only program.Decisions by the MD Admissions Committee are made independently from the MSTP decision.■For details on getting to Stanford and places to stay， please visit our Travel page.■Admissions Decisions■Decisions regarding your MSTP application will be made after the Medical School Admissions Committee has made a decision regarding your MD application.The MSTP program offers 8 -10 new positions each year.To facilitate your decision process，we encourage you to take advantage of your visit to the Stanford campus， advice from your mentors， and other resources， so that you have sufficient knowledge to decide if Stanford′s MSTP is a good match for your interests and goals.Your ability to rank your choices for programs will greatly facilitate the entire admissions process both at Stanford and other programs across the country.■Admit Weekend■Admitted students will be invited to attend the Stanford Medical School Admit Weekend.The MSTP specific revisit events will be on Thursday， before the MD events begin.■Frequently Asked Questions■For more information on admissions and the program check the Frequently Asked Questions.■Current Stanford School of Medicine Students please visit our Internal Admissions page.■NIH GRADUATE PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAM (GPP)： Please note the Stanford MSTP is currently not participating in this program.What is the procedure of the interview for MSTP?( )
A.Introductory meeting with the Program Directors， formal interviews with faculty and advanced MSTP students， and meeting again with the Program Directors to bring your questions and comments
B.Introductory meeting with the Program Directors， meeting again with the Program Directors to bring your questions and comments， and formal interviews with faculty and advanced MSTP students
C.Formal interviews with faculty and advanced MSTP students， introductory meeting with the Program Directors， meeting again with the Program Directors to bring your questions and comments
D.Formal interviews with faculty and advanced MSTP students， introductory meeting with the Program Directors， appointments with Stanford faculty

正確答案：A

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