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2026年全國醫(yī)學(xué)英語水平考試（METS四級）考前沖刺試題及答案三,更多相關(guān)資訊請繼續(xù)查看易考吧全國醫(yī)護(hù)英語水平考試
1). (一)■Alternative Therapies■1In recent years millions of Americans have turned to chiropractic， acupuncture，homeopathy， biofeedback， visualization and crystal healing， as alternatives to conventional medicine， or have “mixed and matched” conventional therapy with other， seemingly incompatible healing options.In 1990， Americans made 388million visits to primary care physicians within the medical “establishment”一and425 million visits to providers of nonconventional therapies.The highest use of alternative approaches was reported by relatively well educated and affluent whites from 25 to 49 years of age.Alternative therapies can be divided into three basic categories：botanical healing， hands-on therapies， and mind-body techniques.Some schools of practice， such as naturopathy， macrobiotics， and Ayurvedic medicine (a 4，000-year-old Indian healing tradition) rely on more than one form and sometimes advocate changes in diet or exercise patterns as well.Some alternative practices are derived from mainstream： medicine as practiced in other parts of the world， while others stem from contemporary “New Age” thinking.■2 Alternative therapy， in fact， is reshaping conventional medicine.Some medical schools offer courses ，on nonconventional medical practices and have begun to reexamine techniques once dismissed as； quackery.It is not unusual to find traditional cancer therapy being supplemented by relaxation exercises and support groups， or to see studies in leading medical journals on the impact of yoga or biofeedback on coronary artery disease， or to encounter best-sellers written by prominent physicians about the influence of laughter or hope on the immune system.■3Many physicians question the more extravagant claims of alternative therapies.They warn that these practices， if not downright dangerous in their own right， may keep people from seeking effective treatment.But it is becoming harder to deny that at least some alternative techniques work for some patients一even if medical science cannot explain exactly how.Furthermore， the growing acceptance of alternative therapies has led some critics of mainstream medicine to perceive it as the harbinger of a medical revolution.They predict that Western medicine someday will evolve from its narrow biochemical model to a “biopsychosocial”one that incorporates holistic thinking： a perception一sometimes regarded as a traditionally feminine one一that the body is an integrated unity and that emotional， spiritual， social， and environmental factors are as crucial in determining illness as physical trauma or biochemical events.While acknowledging that viruses play a role in inducing colds， alternative healers may also consider stress in the workplace， mental depression， and inadequate diet equally important.Before this century such thinking was common in conventional medicine.The fact that many traditional doctors have begun to reincorporate these ideas into their studies and practices reflects the success of alternative therapy advocates， as well as the frustration that many patients feel with conventional medical care.■4Conventional biomedicine has been particularly powerful in treating critical injuries and infectious diseases一broken arms or diphtheria， for example - and its stunning successes account for the relative decline in alternative therapies earlier in the twentieth century.But in recent decades， as many of our society′s pressing medical problems have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic conditions such as cancer， coronary artery disease， multiple sclerosis， back pain，and diabetes， biomedicine has been somewhat less effective.Critics， many of whom are baby boomers who grew up questioning authority， add that biomedicine has also been deficient in treating everyday ailments and in maintaining health..The holistic approach， with its emphasis on individual circumstances， provides an alternative for those patients who are frustrated by these limitations and by physicians who， they feel， regard them not as whole human beings but as body parts.■5Other people are attracted to alternative therapies because they deemphasize drugs， surgery， and technology.“Natural” approaches to good health such as herbs， lifestyle changes， healthful diets， massage and psychotherapy appeal to patients who want to participate more in their own health care.And in this age of exploding medical costs， few can afford to ignore the potential savings that may come from emphasizing wellness over disease and prevention over treatment-an emphasis common among alternative practitioner.■6 The most obvious distinctions between alternative and conventional care are less emphasis on well- defined educational standards required of practitioners；an emphasis on holistic or biopsychosocial explanations for illness， in contrast with the biomedical model that underlies conventional medicine； and different standards of scientific proof.■7Whereas a few successful cases may “prove” the efficacy of a therapy to an alternative healer， medical scientists disregard such anecdotal evidence.They argue that a certain number of patients are bound to get well with or without treatment.Studying just a few cases leaves open the possibility that the “cure” was the result of blind chance or the placebo effect一a phenomenon in which the patient′s belief that she is being treated effectively is enough to make the treatment actually work.The gold standard in conventional medicine is the clinical trial -a randomized study of comparable groups of patients， some of whom receive the treatment being studied and some of whom receive an inactive placebo.In“double-blind” clinical trials， neither the patients nor the health care providers administering either therapy or placebo know which patients are receiving what until the results are revealed at the end of the study.Only this kind of controlled trial can rule out the effects of chance， from the point of view of conventional research.■8 From the holistic perspective， by contrast， traditional diseases are merely the symptoms of underlying spiritual or natural imbalances， which can vary from individual to individual.This explains why some alternative healers advocate remedies that have been disproved by large -scale clinical trials： if each patient′s experience of illness is a product of individual diet， lifestyle， history， mental state， and so on， then a treatment that works for one sick person does not necessarily work for another， and certainly might not work for a whole group of people in a randomized trial.Alternative practitioners argue that they treat the underlying cause of disease， while conventional medicine treats only its symptoms.Conventional medicine counters by claiming just the opposite， since biomedicine regards the true causes of disease， whether physical or emotional， to be the bacteria， tumors，biochemical imbalances， physical trauma， and the like that they study in their clinical trials.■(二)■During these decades， alternative therapies (chiropractic， acupuncture， homeopathy，biofeedback， visualization， crystal healing， etc.) have become one of the healing options of millions of Americans.The offer of ( ) medical practice courses from some medical schools indicates that alternative therapy is rebuilding conventional medicine.The increasing ( )of alternative therapies has led some critics of mainstream traditional medicine to perceive it as the forerunner of a medical( ) Conventional biomedicine becomes less effective confronting certain( )diseases.Further， traditional drug， surgery and technology are not( )by patients.Alternative practitioners claim that contrary to traditional biomedicine， they cure the underlying cause of disease， other than symptoms.Consensus is never ( ) .( )
A.advocated
B.recognition
C.argued
D.reached
E.symptoms
F.nonconventional
G.individual
H.emphasized
I.chronic
J.regulations
A.artificial
A.reform

正確答案：B
2). As required by most graduate schools of American universities，applicants for master and doctoral programs have to include an essay called personal statement in their application package.Suppose you are going to apply for graduate study towards Master′s Degree.Write a personal statement focusing on your academic strengths that will enable you to accomplish the study.■Write at least 150 words on your answer sheet.

正確答案：I graduated from Hehai Medical University where I was awarded the Bacholar′s Degree of Medicine.I am now working full-time in the Department of Cardiology at the Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.The five-year college life witnessed my outstanding grades in all undergraduate courses and an excellent academic record ranking me among the top 5%.■I was honored with many awards for my excellence in English.As a sophomore，I was privileged to be chosen to work for an international conference held in our university， during which I demonstrated my English language ability of communicating well with foreign experts and scholars.■During my clinical internship in No.1 Nanjing Hospital， I put into practice what I learned from the textbooks and published two research articles in SCI journals under the guidance of my tutor.I am now experienced in proposing research questions，designing lab tests， recording experiment results， performing statistical analysis，and have grasped the basic procedures in writing medical research paper and developed the ability of thinking critically and solving problems on my own.■Reflecting upon these experiences has reinforced my desire to pursue a further study in medicine，for which I now have resolute determination.
3). Hepatology Service Rotation Curriculum■Hepatologists： Hugo R.Rosen， MD； Gregory T.Everson， MD； Lisa M.Forman，MD； James“Jay”Burton， Jr.MD■Educational Purpose and Goals■The hepatology rotation allows residents and fellows to refine history and physical exam skills， develop experience in management of a variety of hepatological diseases.The hepatology inpatient service will consist of a Physician′s Assistant， a Hepatology Intern， a Hepatology Fellow and a Hepatology Attending.Most months a resident will be part of the team as well，■Principal Teaching Methods■A.Supervised Direct Patient Care： Residents encounter patients admitted to the hepatology service at University of Colorado Hospital and are responsible for admitting patients to the service between the hours of 8 a.m.to 5 p.m.， M- F.In addition to supervising the residents and caring for patients on the hepatology service， fellows are responsible for managing post transplant patients on the surgical service.■B.Required Conferences： In addition to the required general medicine conferences(and GI conferences for fellows) the hepatology team members must attend Patient Selection Committee， Thursdays 7 a.m， Liver Pathology Conference， Thursday， 8 a.m.and Hepatobiliary Conference， Friday Noon.■C.Didactic Sessions： We hold twice weekly on- service teaching seminars， which are taught by the fellows or attendings.Potential topics are the items listed in sectionⅢ.A.as well as transplantation issues for internists， liver disease in pregnancy and evaluation of hepatic mass.■Educational Content■A.Mix of Diseases： Encountered patients have a variety of hepatological disorders which may include the following： Asymptomatic elevation in LFTs，NASH， alcoholic hepatitis， acute hepatitis， fulminant hepatic failure， chronic hepatitis (HCV， HBV， AlCAH， Drug induced， Wilson′s Disease)，hemochromatosis， PBC/PSC， and cirrhosis.■B.Patient Characteristics： Pre and post transplant patients are either managed primarily by the hepatologists or referred from other gastroenterologists (quaternary referrals).■C.Learning Venues： Inpatient setting at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.■D.Procedures： Certain procedures will be performed by the intern under supervision of resident/hepatology fellow and attending.These include： IV access， paracentesis，thoracentesis， NG tube placement， and flexible sigmoidoscopy.All GI procedures including EGD， colonoscopy and liver biopsy will be done by the hepatology fellow under the supervision of the hepatology attending.■Principal Ancillary Educational Materials■A.All fellows are provided with the Fellowship Handbook including the fellows curriculum and learning objectives for each rotation prior to the start of fellowship.The hepatology curriculum and learning objectives are distributed to each fellow and resident prior to the start of the hepatology rotation.■B.Residents and fellows are provided with additional targeted reading materials specifically chosen by the hepatology attendings.The set of articles includes key information about the diagnosis， treatment and management of hepatological diseases and is reviewed annually to ensure it is up to date.■C.Computer based resources are available to residents and fellows at the University of Colorado Hospital to facilitate patient care， education and communication.■Methods of Evaluation■A.Resident Performance： Residents are evaluated by attendings via New Innovations at the end of the rotation.It is expected that the residents receive ongoing verbal feedback from both the hepatology fellows and attendings throughout the rotation.The evaluation form centers around the 6 ACGME competencies and completed evaluations are available to the residents online at any time.■B.Program and Faculty Performance： The residents and fellows evaluate attendings at the end of the hepatology rotation.These evaluations are anonymous to ensure the residents/ fellows can be completely open.The evaluations are held from the faculty until sufficient evaluations are completed as to further guarantee anonymity.These evaluations are tools used by the Division Head when conducting annual performance reviews.The program strives for excellence in the mission(s) of( )
A.clinical care
B.research
C.education
D.all of the above

正確答案：D

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