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1). (共用選項)1.Heart failure is a syndrome that causes a reduction in the heart’s ability to pump .blood.Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness,and leg swelling.The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night.There are two main types of heart failure:heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart’s ability to relax;2.Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been the third cause of death in China.It is the most common type within the group of cardiovascular diseases.A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.Occasionally it may feel like heartburn.The first sign is occasionally a heart attack.Risk factors include: high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, poor diet, excessive alcohol and others;3.Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP.In adults, hypertension exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 90 mmHg for extended periods of time.The diagnosis of hypertension requires that elevated reading be present on at least three occasions during several weeks.The risk factors of hypertension include family history, age, race, high sodium salt intake, obesity, excess alcohol consumption, stress and lack of physical activity;4.Infective Endocarditis (感染性心內(nèi)膜炎) refers to a bacterial infection involving any portion of the endothelial lining of the heart, which includes the valves.The signs and symptoms include fever, endurance fatigue, heart murmurs(心臟雜音), weight loss and coughing.Many microorganisms can cause infective endocarditis.These are generally isolated by blood culture, where the patient’s blood is removed and any growth is noted and identified;5.Valvular heart disease (心臟瓣膜疾病) is a disease involving one or more of the four valves of the heart.These conditions occur largely as a result of aging.Most people are in their late 50s when diagnosed.Treatment may be with medication, but often involves valve repair or replacement.Valvular heart damage associated with high maternal and fetal risk during pregnancy;6.Varicose veins (靜脈曲張) are veins that have become enlarged and twisted, commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins can occur elsewhere.When it occurs, blood on the leg will flow backwards and enlarge even more instead of returning to the heart.Varicose veins can be painful, especially when standing.Severe long-standing varicose veins can lead to leg swelling, venous eczema (濕疹), skin thickening(皮膚增厚) and ulcerationIt is diagnosed in people’s late 50s.( )
正確答案:E
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離考試: 160 天