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2026年全國醫(yī)學英語水平考試（METS四級）精選模擬試題及答案五
1). When the Drugs Don′t Work How to Combat the Dangerous Rise of Antibiotic Resistance■Some people describe Darwinian evolution as “only a theory”.Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700，000 people killed each year by drug-resistant infections.( )Unfortunately， fit microbes mean unfit human beings.Drug-resistance is not only one of the clearest examples of evolution in action， it is also the one with the biggest immediate human cost.And it is getting worse.Stretching today′s trends out to 2050， the 700，000 deaths could reach 10 million.■Cynics might be forgiven for thinking that they have heard this argument before.People have fretted about resistance since antibiotics began being used in large quantities during the late 1940s.( )That is because the decline of common 19th-century infections such as tuberculosis and cholera was thanks to better housing， drains and clean water， not penicillin.■The real danger is more subtle-but grave nonetheless.The fact that improvements in public health like those the Victorians pioneered should eventually drive down tuberculosis rates in India hardly makes up for the loss of 60，000 newborn children every year to drag resistant infections.Wherever there is endemic infection， there is resistance to its treatment.This is true in the rich world， too.Drug resistant versions of organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus are increasing the risk of post operative infection.The day could come when elective surgery is unwise and organ transplants， which stop rejection with immunosuppression， are downright dangerous.Imagine that everyone in the tropics was vulnerable once again to malaria and that every pin prick could lead to a fatal infection.( )■The spread of resistance is an example of the tragedy of the commons； the costs of what is being lost are not seen by the people who are responsible.You keep cattle? Add antibiotics to their feed to enhance growth.The cost in terms of increased resistance is borne by society as a whole.You have a sore throat? Take antibiotics in case it is bacterial.If it is viral， and hence untreatable by drugs， no harm done-except to someone else who later catches a resistant infection.■( )In some health-care systems， doctors are rewarded for writing prescriptions.Patients suffer no immediate harm when they neglect to complete drug courses after their symptoms have cleared up， leaving the most drug resistant bugs alive.Because many people mistakenly believe that human beings， not bacteria， develop resistance， they do not realize that they are doing anything wrong.■If you cannot easily change behavior， can you create new drugs instead? Perversely，the market fails here， too.Doctors want to save the best drugs for the hardest cases that are resistant to everything else.It makes no sense to prescribe an expensive patented medicine for the sniffles when something that costs cents will do the job.■Reserving new drugs for emergencies is sensible public policy.But it keeps sales low， and therefore discourages drug firms from research and development.Artemisinin， a malaria treatment which has replaced earlier therapies to which the parasite became resistant - and which now faces resistance problems itself - was brought to the world not by a Western pharmaceutical company， but by Chinese academics.■Because antimicrobial resistance has no single solution， it must be fought on many fronts.Start with consumption.( )All the better if governments jointly agree to enforce such rules widely.In both people and animals， policy should be to vaccinate more so as to stop infections before they start.That should appeal to cash-strapped health systems， because prophylaxis is cheaper than treatment.By the same logic， hospitals and other breeding grounds for resistant bugs should prevent infections by practising better hygiene.( )Such policies cannot reverse the tragedy of the commons， but they can make it a lot less tragic.■Policy can also sharpen the incentives to innovate.In a declaration in January， 85pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies pledged to act against drug resistance.The small print reveals that the declaration is， in part， a plea for money.But it also recognizes the need for “new commercial models” to encourage innovation by decoupling payments from sales.■That thought is taken up this week in the last of a series of reports commissioned by the British government and the Welcome Trust， a medical charity.( )This would guarantee prizes of $800 million-1.3 billion for new drugs， on top of revenues from sales.■Another of Lord O′Nill′s suggestions is to expand a basic-research fund set up by the British and Chinese governments in order to sponsor the development of cheap diagnostic techniques.If doctors could tell instantaneously whether an infection was viral or bacterial， they would no longer be tempted to administer antibiotics just in case.If they knew which antibiotics would eradicate an infection， they could avoid prescribing a drug that suffers from partial resistance， and thereby limit the further selection of resistant strains.■Combining policies to accomplish many things at once demands political leadership，but recent global campaigns against HIV/AIDS and malaria show that it is possible.Enough time has been wasted issuing warnings about antibiotic resistance.The moment has come to do something about it.( )
A.Governments should educate the public about how antibiotics work and how they can help halt the spread of resistance
B.It is old diseases， not new ones， that need to be feared
C.Their conclusion that bacterial diseases might again become epidemic as a result has proved false and will remain so
D.The lack of an incentive to do the right thing is hard to correct
E.The use of antibiotics to accelerate growth in farm animals can be banned by agriculture ministries， as it has in the European Union
F.Now there are some solutions to solve this problem， such as finding the new antibiotics，investigating the mechanism of antibiotics resistance
G.Resistance to antimicrobial medicines， such as antibiotics and antimalarials， is caused by the survival of the fittest
H.Among the many recommendations from its author， Jim O′Neill， an economist， is the payment of what he calls “market entry rewards” to firms that shepherd new antibiotics to the point of usability

正確答案：B
2). (一)■Alternative Therapies■1In recent years millions of Americans have turned to chiropractic， acupuncture，homeopathy， biofeedback， visualization and crystal healing， as alternatives to conventional medicine， or have “mixed and matched” conventional therapy with other， seemingly incompatible healing options.In 1990， Americans made 388million visits to primary care physicians within the medical “establishment”一and425 million visits to providers of nonconventional therapies.The highest use of alternative approaches was reported by relatively well educated and affluent whites from 25 to 49 years of age.Alternative therapies can be divided into three basic categories：botanical healing， hands-on therapies， and mind-body techniques.Some schools of practice， such as naturopathy， macrobiotics， and Ayurvedic medicine (a 4，000-year-old Indian healing tradition) rely on more than one form and sometimes advocate changes in diet or exercise patterns as well.Some alternative practices are derived from mainstream： medicine as practiced in other parts of the world， while others stem from contemporary “New Age” thinking.■2 Alternative therapy， in fact， is reshaping conventional medicine.Some medical schools offer courses ，on nonconventional medical practices and have begun to reexamine techniques once dismissed as； quackery.It is not unusual to find traditional cancer therapy being supplemented by relaxation exercises and support groups， or to see studies in leading medical journals on the impact of yoga or biofeedback on coronary artery disease， or to encounter best-sellers written by prominent physicians about the influence of laughter or hope on the immune system.■3Many physicians question the more extravagant claims of alternative therapies.They warn that these practices， if not downright dangerous in their own right， may keep people from seeking effective treatment.But it is becoming harder to deny that at least some alternative techniques work for some patients一even if medical science cannot explain exactly how.Furthermore， the growing acceptance of alternative therapies has led some critics of mainstream medicine to perceive it as the harbinger of a medical revolution.They predict that Western medicine someday will evolve from its narrow biochemical model to a “biopsychosocial”one that incorporates holistic thinking： a perception一sometimes regarded as a traditionally feminine one一that the body is an integrated unity and that emotional， spiritual， social， and environmental factors are as crucial in determining illness as physical trauma or biochemical events.While acknowledging that viruses play a role in inducing colds， alternative healers may also consider stress in the workplace， mental depression， and inadequate diet equally important.Before this century such thinking was common in conventional medicine.The fact that many traditional doctors have begun to reincorporate these ideas into their studies and practices reflects the success of alternative therapy advocates， as well as the frustration that many patients feel with conventional medical care.■4Conventional biomedicine has been particularly powerful in treating critical injuries and infectious diseases一broken arms or diphtheria， for example - and its stunning successes account for the relative decline in alternative therapies earlier in the twentieth century.But in recent decades， as many of our society′s pressing medical problems have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic conditions such as cancer， coronary artery disease， multiple sclerosis， back pain，and diabetes， biomedicine has been somewhat less effective.Critics， many of whom are baby boomers who grew up questioning authority， add that biomedicine has also been deficient in treating everyday ailments and in maintaining health..The holistic approach， with its emphasis on individual circumstances， provides an alternative for those patients who are frustrated by these limitations and by physicians who， they feel， regard them not as whole human beings but as body parts.■5Other people are attracted to alternative therapies because they deemphasize drugs， surgery， and technology.“Natural” approaches to good health such as herbs， lifestyle changes， healthful diets， massage and psychotherapy appeal to patients who want to participate more in their own health care.And in this age of exploding medical costs， few can afford to ignore the potential savings that may come from emphasizing wellness over disease and prevention over treatment-an emphasis common among alternative practitioner.■6 The most obvious distinctions between alternative and conventional care are less emphasis on well- defined educational standards required of practitioners；an emphasis on holistic or biopsychosocial explanations for illness， in contrast with the biomedical model that underlies conventional medicine； and different standards of scientific proof.■7Whereas a few successful cases may “prove” the efficacy of a therapy to an alternative healer， medical scientists disregard such anecdotal evidence.They argue that a certain number of patients are bound to get well with or without treatment.Studying just a few cases leaves open the possibility that the “cure” was the result of blind chance or the placebo effect一a phenomenon in which the patient′s belief that she is being treated effectively is enough to make the treatment actually work.The gold standard in conventional medicine is the clinical trial -a randomized study of comparable groups of patients， some of whom receive the treatment being studied and some of whom receive an inactive placebo.In“double-blind” clinical trials， neither the patients nor the health care providers administering either therapy or placebo know which patients are receiving what until the results are revealed at the end of the study.Only this kind of controlled trial can rule out the effects of chance， from the point of view of conventional research.■8 From the holistic perspective， by contrast， traditional diseases are merely the symptoms of underlying spiritual or natural imbalances， which can vary from individual to individual.This explains why some alternative healers advocate remedies that have been disproved by large -scale clinical trials： if each patient′s experience of illness is a product of individual diet， lifestyle， history， mental state， and so on， then a treatment that works for one sick person does not necessarily work for another， and certainly might not work for a whole group of people in a randomized trial.Alternative practitioners argue that they treat the underlying cause of disease， while conventional medicine treats only its symptoms.Conventional medicine counters by claiming just the opposite， since biomedicine regards the true causes of disease， whether physical or emotional， to be the bacteria， tumors，biochemical imbalances， physical trauma， and the like that they study in their clinical trials.■(二)■During these decades， alternative therapies (chiropractic， acupuncture， homeopathy，biofeedback， visualization， crystal healing， etc.) have become one of the healing options of millions of Americans.The offer of ( ) medical practice courses from some medical schools indicates that alternative therapy is rebuilding conventional medicine.The increasing ( )of alternative therapies has led some critics of mainstream traditional medicine to perceive it as the forerunner of a medical( ) Conventional biomedicine becomes less effective confronting certain( )diseases.Further， traditional drug， surgery and technology are not( )by patients.Alternative practitioners claim that contrary to traditional biomedicine， they cure the underlying cause of disease， other than symptoms.Consensus is never ( ) .choose the most suitable subheading from list A-J for Paragraph 4 ( )
A.Critics on the effect of chance about alternative therapy
B.Deficiency of conventional biomedicine
C.The reconstruction of conventional medicine
D.Reported disadvantages of questionnaires conducted among doctors
E.The introduction and forms of alternative therapy
F.Distinctions between alternative and conventional care
G.The application of mind-body techniques
H.Incorporation of holistic thinking in conventional medical care
I.Conflicts on curing causes and symptoms
J.The appeal of “Natural” approaches

正確答案：B